孟加拉灣,一片位於印度東岸的廣大海域,緊鄰南亞與東南亞各國,亦為重要海上貿易航道的必經之地。過去的孟加拉灣,見證了許多王朝的更迭興衰,也預見了許多的不同的機遇、故事。這裡不僅擁有豐富的人文歷史,在自然生態方面也是百花齊放,然而面對人類文明的發展與破壞,有些景觀正在逐漸的消逝。
• 著|Kingshuk Saha,班加羅爾研究員;Rajeev Ranjan Chaturvedy,亞洲匯流智庫暨文化中心兼任資深副研究員
• 譯|林鑫佑,《南亞觀察》主編
• 原|Asian Confluence
(*本文篇幅較長,經作者同意轉載並翻譯,惟未逐字翻譯)
摘要
孟加拉灣長期以來將周邊的社區、文化、國家連結在一塊,並逐漸地在海洋亞洲佔據一席之地。同時,有關孟加拉灣的研究可望建立起鄰近區域國家間的學術橋樑。本文將簡介有關孟加拉灣的歷史,同時聚焦討論一些當代的有關議題,謹此期盼決策者或學者們能夠加以關注。
介紹孟加拉灣
孟加拉灣是印度洋東(北)部最大的海域空間,一直與亞洲的歷史存在的緊密的關連。傳統上,孟加拉灣的存在將地理區域劃分為南亞與東南亞地區這兩個部分。而早期的印度洋研究也顯示,孟加拉灣海域的興衰與鄰近河流水域的繁華有著密切的一致性,綜觀早先的航行路線和貿易網絡資料,多少記載著孟加拉灣沿岸國家的社會、經濟與文化樣貌,此一海灣除了凝聚區域的團結性外,亦凸顯了它所具備的戰略價值。近代由於孟加拉灣海域已成為印度與中國相互進入彼此鄰近水域的重要渠道,更為彰顯其地緣戰略之地位。
孟加拉灣的範圍大約於北緯25度及東經80至100度之間,西鄰印度國土、北近孟加拉,東靠緬甸與北馬來半島,因此這裡也是印度洋重要的貿易區塊,過去東南亞的貿易有很大一部份便是依靠孟加拉灣水域與鄰近國家進行交易的,此外各種宗教的傳教士、僧侶也經由孟加拉灣的航道至各地傳教,而進而帶動文化、創新與開放的多元思維。

在孟加拉灣地區重的眾多國家裡,印度得益於所處的地緣位置與其強而有力市場潛力,成為了當地貿易網絡的關鍵角色。印度半島所緊鄰的阿拉伯海與孟加拉灣,又以孟加拉灣具有較佳的貿易價直及地位。古時候的多摩梨帝國(Tamralipti,孟加拉灣北部海岸,位於恆河口的一個古城和古國)是連接各國的重要貿易重鎮[1],也見證了著悠久的孟加拉灣商貿歷史的發展。因此孟加拉灣可以說是全球海洋史的核心,也為日後東西方的文化、貿易交流埋下伏筆。
從歷史的角度來看,水路是貿易媒介之一,為人口密集的(孟加拉灣)沿岸國家(印度、孟加拉、泰國、緬甸、斯里蘭卡、馬來西亞、印尼等)的海運事業提供了發展的動力。更重要的是,孟加拉具有獨特的內河航運系統,將孟加拉國內的恆河流域、布拉馬普特拉河(Brahmaputra)[2]流域及孟加拉灣海域連結成一網絡系統,提供其獨特的發展環境,並在當地的經濟、社會與文化生活中發揮關鍵性的作用。
近年來,各國學術界與決策者對孟加拉灣的關注越來越高,從孟加拉灣的地緣位置以及所潛在的自然資源便可得知,其具備的經濟與戰略意義是不言可喻的。孟加拉灣位於印太地區的核心地區,該區域的局勢日趨複雜,區域主義的挑戰日益凸顯,沿岸國家及主要大國對於在孟加拉灣建立區域性的社區盟友關係感到興趣。這樣的局勢變化也為印度和當地其他國家提供千載難逢的機會,倘若能提出切實可行的構思,便可望推展沿岸國家間的連結、商業往來以及永續的發展可能。
多樣化的團結
孟加拉灣是世界上令人感到驚奇,同時也擁有獨特生態系統的地理環境之一。它是世界上最大的海灣地形,且是許多世界知名的山川流域的終點站,包含了橫河、布拉馬普特拉河、伊洛瓦底江(Irrawaddy,)、默哈訥迪河(Mahanadi,)、哥達瓦里河(Godavari)及高韋里河(Kaveri)。其周邊緊鄰印度、孟加拉、斯里蘭卡、緬甸、泰國與馬來西亞等國,稱是一個相對封閉的海域,其中也有527座島嶼散落其中,其中最為特別的是卡爾尼科巴島(Car Nicobar)、聖馬丁島(St. Martin’s Island)、焦拉島(Chowra Island)、薩格爾島 (Sagar Island)等,並且坐擁兩座重要的海峽-馬六甲海峽(Malacca Strait)與保克海峽(Palk Strait)。世界上最大的泥質濕地-緬甸莫塔馬灣(Gulf of Martaban),也座落於此。在生態環境方面,孟加拉灣及其沿岸是多種瀕臨絕種的海洋生物的棲地,其中包含儒艮以及已發現的20餘種鯨豚類動物,世界上約有40%海蛇、5種海龜、7種海鳥、孟加拉虎,以及各類紅樹林植物等等都可以在此發現牠們的蹤跡,因此也是聯合國教科文組織所認定的世界自然遺產(桑達班,Sundarbans,是世界最大的單塊潮汐嗜鹽紅樹林)。

數千年以來,孟加拉灣也見證各大王國與海港城市的興衰,孟加拉灣在很多時候受到印度各王國的主宰,而在少數的時期中,一些稱霸東南亞地區的海上王國,例如室利佛逝(Sri Vijaya,範圍位於今日的印尼蘇門答臘與馬來半島)則掌握了孟加拉灣及馬六甲等重要海上渠道。後來阿拉伯人的海上活動也日益興盛,並透過印度洋、孟加拉灣等水域向東南亞或中國等地進行貿易,因此也帶入了伊斯蘭信仰文化。孟加拉灣看見東西方的貿易絲路的建立與運作,而不論東西方的學者、僧侶、商人或是航海家,都曾以這裡作為中繼站,甚至是終點站,進而匯集了東西方的建築、文明、知識與各式多樣商品,其中有些建築物、佛寺等,例如位於泰米爾納德邦的布里哈迪希瓦拉神廟(Brihadiswara Temple),現今也成了重要的世界文化遺產。
隨著歐洲大國崛起,孟加拉灣的寧靜也掀起漣漪,此一時期被印度後來的海權之父潘尼迦(K.M. Panikkar)譽為達伽馬[3]時期(Vasco da Gama Era)。在達伽馬的帶領下,葡萄牙人不僅破壞了阿拉伯人員先壟斷的貿易路線,更甚者成為新興的政治統治(殖民)者。隨後因為荷蘭、丹麥、英國、法國等歐洲國家的海權興起,也漸漸的取代了葡萄牙在印度洋的海上地位,而英國與法國在當地的影響力直到二戰之後才逐漸式微。
動盪的年代
現今的孟加拉灣正面臨一場因為資源掠奪與地緣政治陰謀而引起的前所未有的危機,這一系列連續且環環相扣的毀滅性結果,影響了原先我們所仰賴的與自然環境的共生關係,在過去40年間不僅讓周邊的糧食作物歉收,居住於此的動植物數量也逐年減少,因為過度的捕獵以及盜罰森林的關係,牠們的生存環境也倍感威脅,根據研究顯示,已經有680多種的脊椎動物在近幾個世紀間滅絕。
海洋是人類文明重要的聯絡管道,世界上約有90%以上的貨物是透過海運來傳遞,然而人類的活動已超過過去的記錄標準,碳排放量、全球暖化或氣候變遷的影響,也漸漸地在改變海洋的環境,導致海水酸化與珊瑚的死亡,珊瑚不僅是海洋生物繁衍的溫床,然而這些海洋生物也餵養著沿海地區的人民生計,並抵禦部分的自然災害,而有環環相扣的因果關係。
孟加拉灣周邊的印度、印尼、馬來西亞、馬爾地夫、緬甸、泰國及斯里蘭卡等地人口佔了世界總人口的1/4,而多次的海上氣旋、風暴,甚至是地震、海嘯等都嚴重破壞當地的自然景觀與人類生命財產安全。氣候變遷與全球溫度升高的結果,也將導致海平面的上升,而使大多數的沿海區域無法居住,原先河流的污染也將加遽沿海生態的環境破壞。
共榮的藍圖
振興孟加拉灣的環境並非不可行的道路,作為重要的海上樞紐,孟加拉灣於印太地區仍舊充滿活力,更同時也將持續扮演地緣經濟與戰略的重要角色。無論如何,仍需要仰賴周邊國家的共同努力,並建立可仰賴、可信的法律制度或港口物流規範,強化人與人或區域與區域間的合作連結機制,尤其印度政府在這方面儼然付出許多的努力跟措施來重振孟加拉灣地區的繁榮,不過上有三個關鍵的麵線需要更多決策者的關注。

首先是內河航運網絡以及印度東北部地區沿海一帶的重要性。這些地方包含印度的阿魯納恰爾邦、阿薩姆邦、曼尼普爾邦、錫金等地,它們與鄰國接攘而皆具有重要戰略意義。此外當地也擁有豐富的動植物族群,多元民族的居住也使當地呈現多元的文化、藝術、語言等。儘管當前當地依然存在潛在的衝突以及未開發的環境,但透過現代化的知識或管理技術仍有機會開創當地的發展機會。
其次,由於地理環境的限制,不丹與尼泊爾處於內陸地區,難以對外進行海運貿易,印度或應協助此兩國建立連接到孟加拉灣地區的交通路線,以利該國的經濟發展。
第三,孟加拉灣區域的國家需要發展一政治框架,以維護法理上的和平互動,並建立以永續發展為準則的自然資源開發。孟加拉灣是為一個重要的研究領域,並具有一定的潛力,各國的學者與決策者應致力建立國與國之間的研究橋樑,並營造共榮的未來藍圖。
延 伸 閱 讀
【演講紀實】孟加拉灣的興衰與再起
《橫渡孟加拉灣》- 拾回一段幾乎被遺忘的精彩歷史
跨越自然和政治的疆界,重現流動的海洋生活-《橫渡孟加拉灣》
編按/譯註
[1] 東晉僧人法顯便在此乘船前往獅子國(斯里蘭卡)學習佛法。
[2] 中國稱雅魯藏布江;孟加拉稱賈木納河,但因本文作者為印度籍學者,故沿用印度所稱的布拉馬普特拉河。
[3] 達伽馬為當時葡萄牙的重要航海家,也是歐洲遠航至印度的第一人,為日後葡國海外執行奠定了航海基礎。
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